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Article History

Received: 19 December 2024

Accepted: 6 October 2025

First Online: 26 December 2025

Acknowledgements

: We thank the field workers for their contributions and participants for their cooperation. We express our gratitude to the First Center Hospital of Tianjin and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University for providing us with a portion of pancreatic tissue sections.

: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing (no. CSTC2020jcyj-msxmX0093), the Chongqing Natural Science Foundation Innovation Development Joint Fund (Key Project) (no. CSTB2023NSCQ-LZX0049), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 82151319 and no. 82570916), the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (no. KJZD-M202200403), and the Program for Youth Innovation in Future Medicine of Chongqing Medical University (no. W0046 and no. W0155).

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: YQZ, YCZ, YuC and LZ researched data, contributed to discussion and reviewed/edited the manuscript. QNZ measured the biochemical parameters of participants and reviewed the manuscript. YoC isolated human pancreas specimens and reviewed the manuscript. QG analysed data and wrote the manuscript. YW and RC interpreted data, contributed to discussion and reviewed/edited the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript to be published. QG, YW and RC are the guarantors of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and take full responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.