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Article History

Received: 3 August 2025

Accepted: 23 October 2025

First Online: 26 December 2025

Acknowledgements

: We thank J. H. Szurszewski (Mayo Clinic, USA) for reviewing our manuscript and providing improving suggestions, G. Zamponi (University of Calgary, Canada) for reviewing our manuscript and providing submission recommendations, as well as Y. Wang (the Forth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China) and G. Wang (the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China) for their assistance with our rat model of RYGB.

: All data are available in the main text or the ESM. The reagents and rat models used in this study are available via material transfer agreement upon request to the corresponding author.

: This study received funding from General Program of National Nature Science Foundation of China 81270900 and 81670492, and Fundamental Research Funds for Universities JYTMS20230142 to LS.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: LS, YY and YDL performed study conception and design of the work, and critically edited and revised the manuscript. YY, ZMY and DG did animal experiments. YQW, WJL and NZ did experiments of immunohistochemistry and molecular biology. YY, YDL and DG performed data analysis. YY wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors subsequently edited the manuscript, and approved its final version for publication. LS is the guarantor of this work.