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Authors
Chiriacò, Martina https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0174-4549
Tricò, Domenico https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7633-1346
Petrie, John R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4894-9819
Gabriel, Rafael https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6084-6487
Gastaldelli, Amalia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2594-1651
Nolan, John https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3648-1590
Lalic, Nebojsa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8082-6560
Mingrone, Geltrude https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2021-528X
Mari, Andrea https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1436-5591
Natali, Andrea https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8465-7717
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
European Commission (QLG1-CT-2001-01252)
Astra Zeneca
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Article History
Received: 8 July 2025
Accepted: 30 October 2025
First Online: 18 December 2025
Acknowledgements
: Some of the data were presented as an abstract at the 61st Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes in 2025.
: The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
: The European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance: Relationship Between Insulin Sensitivity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk (EGIR-RISC) Study was supported by European Commission grant (no. QLG1-CT-2001-01252) and AstraZeneca (Sweden).
: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
: AN and AM conceptualised the study. AN, MC and DT analysed the data and wrote the manuscript. JP, RG, AG, JN, NL, GM contributed to the interpretation of the data and revised the manuscript. AM performed the glucose tracer and beta cell function modelling. All authors commented on and approved the final version of the manuscript. MC and AN are the guarantors of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
