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Authors
Lal, Rayhan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8055-944X
Braune, Katarina https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6590-245X
Lewis, Dana M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9176-6308
Petruzelkova, Lenka https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5535-3474
de Bock, Martin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0454-6679
Hussain, Sufyan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6611-8245
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medical Research Council (MR/W030004/1)
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases (K23 DK122017)
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases (P30DK116074)
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Article History
Received: 12 June 2025
Accepted: 28 August 2025
First Online: 19 January 2026
Acknowledgements
: The authors would like to thank all members of the open-source diabetes communities for their invaluable contributions, insights and ongoing commitment to innovation in diabetes care. We are also grateful to T. Street ( ) for kindly allowing us to use resources adapted in this manuscript.
: RL is supported by NIDDK (K23 DK122017, P30DK116074), Breakthrough T1D and Helmsley Charitable Trust. KB is supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG, SFB 1340/2), GBA Innovationsausschuss (01VSF24052) and ISPAD-Breakthrough T1D fellowship. SH is supported by the Medical Research Council Clinical Academic Partnership award (MR/W030004/1).
: All authors declare no financial support or compensation related to the preparation of this review. RL is a consultant for Abbott Diabetes Care, Biolinq, Capillary Biomedical, Deep Valley Labs, Gluroo, Portal Diabetes, Sanofi and Tidepool. He has served on advisory boards for ProventionBio and Lilly. He receives research support through his institution from Insulet, Medtronic, Tandem and Sinocare. KB has previously served on advisory boards and provided paid consultancy for Dexcom, Medtronic Diabetes, Roche Diabetes Care, Sanofi Diabetes, Abbott Diabetes Care, Diabeloop, Diabetes Center Berne and Tidepool. None of these entities were involved in the conception, data provision, analysis or funding of the present work. LP has received speaking fees from Medtronic, Abbott Diabetes Care and Dexcom. MDB has received research funding from Novo Nordisk, Ypsomed, Dexcom, Insulet, Medtronic and BetaBionics. MDB has received honoraria or speaking fees from Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Pfizer, Medtronic, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ypsomed, Dexcom and Insulet. MDB has served on advisory boards for Tandem and Dexcom. SH has served on the advisory board for Tandem, Dexcom, Medtronic, Sanofi, Roche and Vertex, and has undertaken non-promotional educational and/ or consultancy work for Abbott UK, Insulet, Dexcom, Sanofi, Lilly and Roche. SH’s institution has received research grant support from Abbott and Insulet. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
: All authors were responsible for drafting the article and reviewing it critically. All authors approved the version to be published.
