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Authors
Karakus, Kagan E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8552-5206
Chesshir, Lexie
Walker, Sonya
Baschal, Erin E.
McDaniel, Kristen A.
Triolo, Taylor M.
Steck, Andrea K.
Frohnert, Brigitte I.
Gottlieb, Peter A.
Michels, Aaron W. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3766-5244
Simmons, Kimber M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0560-5773
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases (DK108868)
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases (DK032083)
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases (DK099317)
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases (DK116073)
Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust (2101-04969)
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Article History
Received: 15 July 2025
Accepted: 7 October 2025
First Online: 15 January 2026
Data availability
: All data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper and in the ESM.
: This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants (DK108868, DK032083, DK099317 and DK116073) and The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust by grant #2101-04969. The study sponsor/funder was not involved in the design of the study, in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, or in the writing of the report, and did not impose any restrictions regarding the publication of the report.
: KMS, AWM, PAG and AKS have served on advisory boards and/or consulted for Sanofi Aventis. KMS and PAG have grant funding from Sanofi Aventis.
: KMS developed the prospective observational protocol. AWM designed the analysis plan for the mechanistic data. KMS, AKS, PAG, TMT and BIF collected clinical data. LC, SW and KAM collected data and biospecimens. KEK and KMS wrote the first draft of the manuscript. AWM revised the first draft of the manuscript. KEK performed the statistical analyses, and EEB performed the bioinformatic analyses of the TCR sequencing results. All authors critically reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript. KMS is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
