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Article History

Received: 14 September 2025

Accepted: 31 October 2025

First Online: 7 January 2026

Acknowledgements

: The authors would like to thank F. Potdevin (University of Lille, URePSSS, France) for their role in defining the study’s aims and guiding its early development; M. Tant (Rouen Normandie University, France) for his contribution to the protocol design and for conducting interviews; A. Pottier and C. Méchin (MEEF Master’s students, University of Lille, France) for their invaluable assistance in recruiting participants; C. Lefevre, I. Gueorguieva, C. Thoreval, A. Dupe (Paediatric unit, Lille University Hospital, France), S. Platt (‘International Eyes’ society) for English proofreading; Aide aux Jeunes Diabétiques (France) for participant recruitment; and R. Rabasa-Lhoret (Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Canada and International Joint Laboratory REGALE-1 with URePSSS) for his clinical advice on interpreting the results. Some of the experiments were performed at the Eurasport facility of Lille University.

: The data are available on request from the authors.

: This research received financial support from the INSPE Hauts-de-France (Institut National Supérieur du Professorat et de l'Éducation, University of Lille, France). The funders had no role in study design, data collection, analysis and interpretation, or manuscript writing.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: IJ, GM and AH designed the study protocol, which was revised by EH, IJ, GM, EH and AH prepared the funding application. IJ, GM and AH conducted the interviews. EH, EL and GM assisted with participant recruitment. IJ and GM analysed the interviews. IJ wrote the first draft of the manuscript, which was significantly revised by EH. All authors were also involved in reviewing the manuscript and gave their final approval of the version to be published. IJ and GM are the guarantor of this work and, as such, have full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.