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Authors
Bourgeois, Stephanie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-0108
Van Mulders, Annelore https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7889-6893
Heremans, Yves https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2608-974X
Leuckx, Gunter https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2732-397X
Willems, Lien https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5226-664X
Coenen, Sophie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0491-4059
Degroote, Laure https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7310-6103
Pierreux, Julie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3292-6214
Kancheva, Daliya https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6222-0461
Scheyltjens, Isabelle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2260-2921
Movahedi, Kiavash https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0826-4399
Carlotti, Françoise https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7929-8468
de Koning, Eelco https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1232-7022
Yi, Xiaoyan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6995-8573
Vinci, Chiara https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5730-9186
Tong, Yue https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6881-2080
Cnop, Miriam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5112-1692
Heimberg, Harry https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1954-7375
De Leu, Nico https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0542-5708
Staels, Willem https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8259-3329
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Excellence of Science (EOS) programme (Pandarome project 40007487)
Walloon Region strategic axis FRFS-WELBIO
Research Foundation Flanders (11I3123N)
Research Foundation Flanders (11P3Z24N)
Research Foundation Flanders (1S89821N)
Research Foundation Flanders (G040719N)
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Article History
Received: 25 September 2025
Accepted: 5 November 2025
First Online: 15 January 2026
Acknowledgements
: We are grateful to H. Azibou, N. Nasiri, M. Beya, A. Demarré, V. Laurysens and G. Stangé (Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium) for technical assistance, K. De Keersmaecker and M. Caruso (KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium) for advice on protein translation assays, and R. Scharfmann and A. Fouque (INSERM, Paris, France) for sharing the puromycin incorporation protocol. Some of the data were presented as an abstract at the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology meeting in 2024.
: The single-cell RNA-seq data generated in this study are deposited at GEO (NCBI) with accession code GSE274443. Other data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. There are no restrictions on data availability.
: This work was supported by grants from the following: the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO) (G040719N; G099323N); the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS); the FWO and FRS-FNRS under the Excellence of Science (EOS) programme (Pandarome project 40007487); and the Walloon Region strategic axis FRFS-WELBIO, Belgium (to MC). SB, SC, AVM and LW are doctoral fellows from the FWO with grant numbers 1S89821N, 11P3Z24N, 11I3123N and 1187425N, respectively. WS holds an FWO Senior Clinical investigator Grant (1806426N) and a BreakthroughT1D Career Development Award (5-CDA-2024-1491-S-B).
: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
: WS, NDL, HH and SB designed the study. SB wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. SB, AVM, LW, JP, SC, YH, LD, GL, CV and YT carried out the experiments, including mouse treatments and follow-up, microscopy imaging and analysis and in vitro experiments with ER-stress-inducing compounds. IS contributed to the design of the scRNA-seq experiments, performed the experiments and assisted in the interpretation of the results. DK and XY analysed the scRNA-seq data and assisted in figure generation. GL, AVM and SB performed histological analyses. MC, KM, EdK and FC provided resources, shared their expertise for data interpretation, and gave critical feedback on the manuscript. Writing, review and editing were performed by AVM, LW, SC, LD, JP, GL, DK, IS, KM, FC, EdK, XY, CV, WS, NDL, YH, MC and HH. Funding was acquired by HH, WS and NDL. All authors approved with the final version of the manuscript. WS and NDL are the guarantors of this work.
