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Article History

Received: 28 February 2025

Accepted: 14 November 2025

First Online: 12 March 2026

Acknowledgements

: We would like to thank J. Zhao and K. Hultberg for editorial support; several academic colleagues for their helpful comments; and M. Hill (ADA) and P. Niemann (EASD). We would also like to thank the invited reviewers and the EASD’s Committee for Clinical Affairs and the ADA’s Professional Practice Committee for their input and assistance. J. Zhao and K. Hultberg were/are staff members of Kinexum. Their work was provided pro bono by the firm. No industry contributions were used for this purpose.

: No honoraria were received by members of the Joint ADA–EASD Diabetes Technology Working Group (AEDTWG) for writing this manuscript or associated meetings. Most of the members of the AEDTWG collaborate with industry as listed below; however, industry had no impact on the manuscript and its content. DB has received congress invitations, honoraria and consultancy fees from Abbott, Eli Lilly, Menarini, Novo Nordisk, Roche Diabetes Care, Sanofi, Terumo, Theras and Ypsomed and served on advisory board panels for Roche Diabetes Care and Terumo. JRP is a recipient of support in kind (donation and discounting of equipment and consumables for a clinical trial) from Dexcom and has served on an advisory board for Abbott Diabetes Care, as well as several companies that manufacture pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of diabetes. ME has conducted clinical trials and/or research collaborations with, served on advisory boards for or received speakers fees and/or travel support from Abbott Diabetes Care, AstraZeneca, Dexcom, Eli Lilly, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Pila Pharma and Zucara. GAF is the Executive Chairman of Kinexum, which advises multiple health product companies, including insulin manufacturers. Relevant device companies advised include Abbott, Biolinq, CMC Magnetics, Diabeloop, Hagar, Know Labs, Modular Medical, SFC Fluidics and Surf Bio. He was formerly the Group Leader of the Division of Metabolism and Endocrine Drug Products at the US FDA. HH has received congress invitations, honoraria and consultancy fees from Abbott, Eli Lilly, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, AstraZeneca and Insulet, and served on advisory board panels for Diabeloop and Insulet. RWH coordinates the German/Austrian DPV initiative, which has been supported by Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk and Roche through institutional research grants. RWH did not receive any personal honoraria. JLS has conducted clinical trials for Abbott Diabetes Care, Dexcom, JDRF/Breakthrough T1D, Insulet, Medtronic and Provention Bio and has received in-kind support for research studies from Dexcom and Medtronic. She has consulted for Abbott Diabetes, Insulet, Medscape, Medtronic, Vertex and Ypsomed. She has been a member of advisory boards for Cecelia Health, Insulet, MannKind, Medtronic Diabetes, StartUp Health T1D Moonshot and Vertex. RMB has conducted clinical trials, consulted or served on the scientific advisory boards for Abbott Diabetes Care, Ascensia, Bayer, Becton Dickinson, CeQur, Dexcom, Eli Lilly, Insulet, Johnson & Johnson, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Roche Diabetes Care and Sanofi. He receives no personal income from these activities; all payments go to the non-profit Park Nicollet Institute. LH is a partner of Profil Institut für Stoffwechselforschung in Neuss, Germany, diateam GmbH, Bad Mergentheim, and Science Consulting in Diabetes GmbH, Düsseldorf. He is a member of the advisory boards for Medtronic, Roche Diagnostics and Liom. He is also on the board of directors for Lifecare. ALP has served on advisory boards for Medscape and Vertex. She has received grant funding from Insulet and Zucara and devices from Abbott Diabetes Care.

: No datasets were generated or analysed in the production of this article.

: The authors received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors for the production of this work.

: All authors substantially contributed to the conception or design of the work or the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of data; were involved in drafting the article and reviewing it critically for important intellectual content; and approved the final version to be published.