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Article History

Received: 16 July 2025

Accepted: 7 November 2025

First Online: 15 January 2026

Acknowledgements

: This work was undertaken as part of UK Biobank project application ref 56653 ‘Pharmacogenomics to improve drug efficacy and safety’.

: All data are available upon request from the authors and summary data will be made available via the UK Biobank ( ).

: This work was supported by Health Data Research UK, an initiative funded by UK Research and Innovation, Department of Health and Social Care (England) and the devolved administrations and leading medical research charities. Funding for dissemination of this work was awarded as part of the HDR UK publication fund. We follow and adhere to the STROPs (STrengthening the Reporting Of Pharmacogenetic Studies) guidelines throughout the writing of this research. IA and MP are also supported by the Medical Research Council grant (MR/V033867/1), Multimorbidity Mechanism and Therapeutics Research Collaborative. JHL received individual support from National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney (NIDDK) K23DK131345. Generation Scotland received core support from the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health Directorates (CZD/16/6) and the Scottish Funding Council (HR03006) and is currently supported by the Wellcome Trust [216767/Z/19/Z]. Genotyping of the GS:SFHS samples was carried out by the Genetics Core Laboratory at the Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, University of Edinburgh, Scotland and was funded by the Medical Research Council UK and the Wellcome Trust (Wellcome Trust Strategic Award ‘STratifying Resilience and Depression Longitudinally’ [STRADL] Reference 104036/Z/14/Z). CH was supported by the MRC Human Genetics Unit quinquennial programme grant ‘QTL in Health and Disease’ (MC_UU_00007/10). The DPP Research Group gratefully acknowledges the commitment and dedication of the participants of the DPP and DPPOS. Research reported in this publication was supported by the NIDDK of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under award numbers DPPOS NIDDK grant no. U01 DK048489 by providing funding during DPP and DPPOS to the clinical centres and the coordinating centre for the design and conduct of the study, and collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data. A complete list of centres, investigators and staff can be found in the .

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: All the persons listed as authors fulfil all three criteria for authorship as per the ICMJE uniform requirements. Specifically they all made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work, the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of data, and drafting of the article or reviewing it critically for important intellectual content. All listed authors gave final approval of the version to be published. DFC is the guarantor of this work.