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Article History

Received: 15 July 2025

Accepted: 19 November 2025

First Online: 29 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors are grateful to T. Berney (Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland), A. Giudicelli (Intensive Care Unit, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland), T. Giudicelli, V. Giudicelli and C. Giudicelli (Children’s Hospital, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland) for their assistance with manuscript editing, to B. Kusmider for professional medical English proofreading (Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland) and to C. Combescure and M. Barthoulot, biostatisticians (Centre de Recherche Clinique, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland) for their support with statistical analysis. No financial support was provided to any of the individuals listed above for their participation. Some of the data were presented as an abstract at the Swiss College of Surgeons Annual Meeting, 7–9 June 2023, in Basel, Switzerland, and at the International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders European Chapter (IFSO-EC) meeting on 4 May 2023, in Zurich, Switzerland.

: The datasets generated during and/or analysed in the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

: MEH received personal fees and non-financial support from Ethicon Endosurgery Inc., outside of this project; research funding from Intuitive Surgical Inc., outside of this project; and a research grant from Johnson & Johnson Inc., outside of this project. MEH is a stockholder of Intuitive Surgical Inc. CT received personal fees from Intuitive Surgical Inc., Ethicon Inc. and Verb Surgical, outside of this project. MKJ received personal fees from Intuitive Surgical Inc. and Johnson & Johnson Inc., outside of this project. The remaining authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: GGi was responsible for the coordination of the database, the conception and design of this study, acquisition, analysis and interpretation of all data, first drafting and revision, and final approval of the manuscript. NK and VT substantially contributed to data acquisition, interpretation of data, revision and final approval of the manuscript. CT, MEH, AD and GGa were responsible for conception and design of this study, the analysis and interpretation of all data, and drafting, revision and final approval of the manuscript. MR, BS, AS and MKJ substantially contributed to the conception and design of this study, as well as its revision and final approval of the manuscript. GGi is the guarantor of this work. He had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity and accuracy of the data analysis.