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Authors
Lampousi, Anna-Maria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3640-3827
Zeng, Jiayi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3156-930X
Löfvenborg, Josefin E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0099-969X
Carlsson, Sofia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9497-2331
Ludvigsson, Johnny https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1695-5234
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Barndiabetesfonden
Forskningsrådet för Arbetsliv och Socialvetenskap (FAS2004-1775)
Vetenskapsrådet (K2005-72X-11242-11A)
Vetenskapsrådet (K2008-69X-20826-01-4)
ALF-and LfoU grants from Region Östergötland and Linköping University, Sweden
JDRF Wallenberg Foundation (K 98-99D-12813-01A)
Joanna Cocozza Foundation
Forskningsrådet i Sydöstra Sverige
Karolinska Institute
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Article History
Received: 12 September 2025
Accepted: 3 December 2025
First Online: 7 February 2026
Acknowledgements
: We thank all children and their parents in the ABIS study, as well as the personnel who collected questionnaires and biological samples.
: Data used in this study are available upon reasonable request from the ABIS director JL.
: Open access funding provided by Karolinska Institute. ABIS is supported by Barndiabetesfonden (Swedish Child Diabetes Foundation); Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research, grant/award number: FAS2004-1775; Swedish Research Council, grant/award numbers: K2005-72X-11242-11A and K2008-69X-20826-01-4; Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden (FORSS); JDRF Wallenberg Foundation, grant/award number: K 98-99D-12813-01A; ALF and LfoU grants from Region Östergötland and Linköping University, Sweden; Joanna Cocozza Foundation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation or writing of the report.
: SC is a member of the editorial board of Diabetologia. The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
: JEL and JL conceptualised the study. JL contributed to the acquisition of data. AML, JEL and SC formulated the analysis plan. AML, JZ and JEL performed the statistical analyses. AML wrote the original draft. JZ, JEL, SC and JL reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the findings. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript and were responsible for the decision to submit the manuscript. AML is the guarantor of this work.
