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Authors
Borbjerg, Mette K. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0178-3409
Mokhtar, Sara https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4209-0502
Sutedja, Nadia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4697-3644
Koster, Annemarie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1583-7391
Mørch, Carsten D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6693-2028
Berendschot, Tos T. J. M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8101-939X
Schaper, Nicolaas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2128-8029
Ejskjaer, Niels https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3749-3403
Røikjer, Johan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4578-1328
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Pearl String Initiative Diabetes
Sanofi-Aventis Netherlands B.V.
Janssen-Cilag B.V.
the European Regional Development Fund via OP-Zuid, the Province of Limburg, the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs (31O.041)
CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute
Novo Nordisk Farma B.V.
Stichting De Weijerhorst
Health Foundation Limburg
NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism
Stichting Annadal
CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases
The Cardiovascular Center
Aalborg University Hospital
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Article History
Received: 29 September 2025
Accepted: 11 December 2025
First Online: 10 February 2026
Acknowledgements
: Part of this work was presented as a poster at the EASD Annual Meeting, Vienna, Austria, 15–19 September 2025, and at the NEUROdiab Annual Meeting, Bucharest, Romania, 10–14 September 2025.
: The data from this study derive from the Maastricht Study, but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study. However, data are available from the authors on reasonable request and with permission from the Maastricht Study management team. Data analysis is available from the authors on reasonable request.
: Open access funding provided by Aalborg University Hospital. This study was supported by the European Regional Development Fund via OP-Zuid, the Province of Limburg, the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs (grant 31O.041), the Stichting De Weijerhorst (Maastricht, the Netherlands), the Pearl String Initiative Diabetes (Amsterdam, the Netherlands), the Cardiovascular Center (CVC, Maastricht, the Netherlands), the CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases (Maastricht, the Netherlands), the CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute (Maastricht, the Netherlands), the NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (Maastricht, the Netherlands), the Stichting Annadal (Maastricht, the Netherlands) and the Health Foundation Limburg (Maastricht, the Netherlands), and by unrestricted grants from Janssen-Cilag BV (Tilburg, the Netherlands), Novo Nordisk Farma BV (Alphen aan den Rijn, the Netherlands) and Sanofi-Aventis Netherlands BV (Gouda, the Netherlands).
: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
: MKB, SM, NSu, AK, CDM, TTJMB, NSc, NE and JR were involved in the conception, design and conduct of the study. MKB, SM, CDM, NSc and JR were involved in the analysis and interpretation of the results. MKB wrote the first draft of the manuscript and all authors edited, reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. MKB is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
