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Article History

Received: 24 September 2025

Accepted: 5 January 2026

First Online: 9 March 2026

Acknowledgements

: The authors would like to express their sincere appreciation and gratitude for the participation of our research participants. Some of the data were presented as an abstract at the American Academy of Sleep Medicine annual SLEEP meeting in 2025 (Seattle, WA, USA) and the Advanced Technologies & Treatments for Diabetes meeting in 2025 (Amsterdam, the Netherlands). The authors would like to acknowledge the following individuals for their role in conducting and publishing the primary study: M. Rickert, C. H. Pagan and M. Rincon, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; E. Dunn, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA.

: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

: This material is the result of work supported by National Institutes of Health grants R01HD109477 (MPB) and T32 AG055378 (HAC), the Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences via funds from the Division of Consumer and Business Services of the State of Oregon (ORS 656.630), resources and the use of facilities at Oregon Health & Science University, and financial support of the parent trial from Dexcom, Inc. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

: AMV contributes unpaid consulting services to Dexcom, Inc. and Mannkind and has received research funding from Dexcom, Inc. to OHSU for this investigator-initiated study. The remaining authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: All named authors meet the ICMJE criteria for authorship for this article, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, have reviewed the article critically for intellectual content, and have given their final approval for this version to be published. AMV and MPB are the guarantors of this work, and, as such, have full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. All authors contributed to the methodology, the analyses, and the manuscript writing.