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Article History

Received: 24 October 2025

Accepted: 3 February 2026

First Online: 21 March 2026

Acknowledgements

: This study was conducted as part of a collaborative initiative between the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) and the Korean Diabetes Association (KDA). We gratefully acknowledge the Korean NHIS for providing access to the database. The views expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not reflect the official positions of the Korean NHIS. Some of the data were presented as an abstract at the 17th International Conference on Advanced Technologies & Treatments for Diabetes in Florence, Italy from 6–9 March 2024.

: Additional data are available under approval and oversight from the Korean National Health Insurance Service ( ).

: Open Access funding enabled and organized by SungKyunKwan University.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: JYK, SK and JHK contributed to the conception and design of the study. SK analysed the data. JYK, SK and JHK interpreted the results. JYK wrote the manuscript. JYK, SK and JHK reviewed and revised the manuscript. JYK, SK and JHK approved the final version to be published. JHK is the guarantor of this work and is responsible for its integrity and analytical accuracy.