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Authors
Murray Leech, Jacques https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6990-5826
Arni, Ankit M. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0365-9235
Chundru, V. Kartik https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6348-5565
Sharp, Luke N. https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3657-5493
Colclough, Kevin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0566-4853
Hattersley, Andrew T. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5620-473X
Weedon, Michael N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6174-6135
Patel, Kashyap A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9240-8104
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medical Research Council (MR/T00200X/1)
Diabetes UK (19/0005994)
Diabetes UK (21/0006335)
Wellcome Trust (219606/Z/19/Z)
Wellcome Trust (WT098395/Z/12/Z)
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Article History
Received: 13 October 2025
Accepted: 6 February 2026
First Online: 18 March 2026
Acknowledgements
: The research utilised data from the UK Biobank resource carried out under UK Biobank application number 103356. UK Biobank protocols were approved by the National Research Ethics Service Committee. The work is supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Exeter Biomedical Research Centre, Exeter, UK. The Wellcome Trust, MRC and NIHR had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Wellcome Trust, Department of Health, NHS or NIHR. For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission.
: The data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its supplemental information. The clinical data generated and/or analysed as part of this study are not publicly available because of patient confidentiality and ethical approval associated with the data but are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. The UK Biobank dataset is available from:
: The current work is funded by Diabetes UK (19/0005994 and 21/0006335) and MRC (MR/T00200X/1). KAP is funded by the Wellcome Trust (219606/Z/19/Z). ATH is supported by Wellcome Trust Senior Investigator award (WT098395/Z/12/Z).
: The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
: KAP, MNW, ATH and KC contributed to the study concept, design and data acquisition. JML, AMA, VKC, LNS and KAP were responsible for data curation and analysis. All authors contributed to manuscript revisions and approved the final version. KAP is the guarantor of the work and had full access to all study data, taking responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the analyses.
