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Article History

Received: 4 October 2025

Accepted: 16 February 2026

First Online: 15 April 2026

Acknowledgements

: We thank the Cardiogenics Consortium for providing eQTL resources, which were supported by the European Union FP6 program (LSHM-CT-2006-037593) and the Leducq CAD Genomics Transatlantic Network. We thank J. Inshaw and J. Todd (both University of Oxford) for providing the GWAS datasets. The analysis of electronic health records for drug validation reported in this publication was supported in part by the OneFlorida+ Clinical Data Network, funded by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute numbers CDRN-1501-26692 and RI-CRN-2020-005, in part by the OneFlorida+ Cancer Control Alliance, funded by the Florida Department of Health’s James and Esther King Biomedical Research Program number 4KB16, and in part by the University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute and its Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) hub partner, Florida State University, which are supported in part by three CTSA Program grants awarded on 15 August 2015, and renewed for five years on 2 July 2019, by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health. The UF–FSU CTSA grant numbers are UL1TR001427, KL2TR001429 and TL1TR001428. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), its board of governors or methodology, the OneFlorida Clinical Research Consortium, the University of Florida’s Clinical and Translational Science Institute, the Florida Department of Health, or the National Institutes of Health. We also acknowledge that some of the data were previously submitted as part of a Master’s thesis for Montgomery Blencowe.

: All data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper and the ESM.

: This work was supported by Breakthrough T1D, previously known as JDRF (JDRF 2-SRA-2021-1028-S-B awarded to XY, DK and MB).

: NS is a member of the Editorial Board of Diabetologia and declares this position as a potential competing interest in accordance with the journal’s competing interests policy. All other authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: MB and XY conceived and designed the research. MB, ZS, RL, MW, IT and JW analysed the data. MB, ZS and RL prepared the figures. MB, ZS, RL, MW, JW, SM, YG, FV, NS, DK, CA, IT and XY drafted and edited the manuscript. SM, YG, FV, NS, DK and CA participated in study design and provided data sources. MB, ZS, RL, MW, IT, JW, SM, YG, FV, NS, CA, DK and XY approved the final version of manuscript. MB and XY are responsible for the integrity of the work as a whole.