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Article History

Received: 3 September 2025

Accepted: 17 February 2026

First Online: 15 April 2026

Acknowledgements

: We are extremely grateful to all the families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them, and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists and nurses. This research was enabled in part by support provided by Calcul Québec and the Digital Research Alliance of Canada (alliancecan.ca). Some of the data were presented as an abstract and oral presentations at the American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG) meeting in 2024, as well as at the Montréal Genomics Meeting and the International Society for Paediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) meeting in 2025.

: ALSPAC data were available under the project number B-3723. Data on glycaemic traits generating PRSs from the GWAS cohort have been contributed by MAGIC investigators and have been downloaded from . Sources for all PRSs are indicated in ESM Table .

: All references about software and R packages used across the manuscript can be found in ESM Table .

: The UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome (Grant ref: 217065/Z/19/Z) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. DM received research funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR; application number EA6-201120) and is a Junior 2 Scholar supported by the Fonds de recherche du Québec–Santé (FRQS). MH holds a Senior Investigator Award from the FRQS. SHL is supported by the ADA (grant number 7-23-PDFT2DY-3) and the Pyle Fellowship Award from the Department of Population Medicine at Harvard Medical School and the Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute.

: MH is Chair of the Scientific Committee on Obesity Prevention at the Institut national de santé publique du Québec. She is also a member of the Advisory Group on the Management of Obesity in Children and Adolescents and the Québec Advisory Committee on Bariatric Medicine for the Québec Minister of Health and Social Services, and a member of the Professional Council of Diabète Québec. All other authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their contribution to this manuscript.

: All authors participated in the conception of the study. Both IG and KF performed formal analysis, investigation and writing of the original draft. IG performed the software, visualisation and data curation. DM, CMTG and MH participated in the funding acquisition. SHL, CMTG, MH and AVH participated in the methodology. NJT provided resources and methodology. All authors provided substantial contributions to the analysis and interpretation, reviewed the article critically, and approved the final version. This publication is the work of the authors and DM will serve as guarantor for the contents of this paper.