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Authors
Chen, Sing-Young https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5258-8254
Lekka, Christiana https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0188-7590
Lemvig, Jonas https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3240-8495
Yi, Xiaoyan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6995-8573
Cnop, Miriam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5112-1692
Marchetti, Piero https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4907-0635
Marselli, Lorella https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6698-2962
Xia, Jianguo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2040-2624
Madsen, Jesper G. S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0518-0800
Rodriguez-Calvo, Teresa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1531-8583
Richardson, Sarah J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1160-6062
Johnson, James D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7523-9433
MacDonald, Patrick E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5439-6288
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Diabetes Canada
Walloon Region strategic axis Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FRFS)–Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (TG 179092)
European Union Horizon Health (NEMESIS)
Belgian Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique
Breakthrough T1D (5-CDA-2020-949-A-N)
Breakthrough T1D (5-SRA-2021-1149-S-B)
Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF21OC0068929)
Steve Morgan Foundation/ Diabetes UK/ Breakthrough T1D Grand Challenge (22/0006504)
ITALIA/Italian Ministry of University and Research (PNRR-M4C2-1.3)
ITALIA/Italian Ministry of University and Research (PRIN2022 - I53D23002160006)
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Article History
Received: 14 December 2025
Accepted: 5 March 2026
First Online: 1 May 2026
Acknowledgements
: The authors thank M. Atkinson (nPOD), A. Gloyn (HPAP, IIDP) and J. Niland (IIDP) for their helpful input and continued collaboration. The Pisa collection is currently curated by M. Suleiman, M. Tesi, S. Del Guerra and C. De Luca (University of Pisa). We are also indebted to organ donors, their families and organ procurement organisations everywhere for their support of diabetes research.
: S-YC is supported by postdoctoral fellowships from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and Michael Smith Health Research BC. SJR holds a Steve Morgan Foundation/Diabetes UK/Breakthrough T1D Grand Challenge Senior Research Fellowship (22/0006504). JL and JGSM were supported by a grant from the Novo Nordisk Foundation (grant no. NNF21OC0068929 to JGSM). TR-C is supported by a Career Development Award from Breakthrough T1D (5-CDA-2020-949-A-N). MC is supported by the Belgian Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS), Walloon Region strategic axis Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FRFS)–Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO) and the European Union Horizon Health project NEMESIS. PM is supported by PE_00000019 HEAL ITALIA/Italian Ministry of University and Research under PNRR-M4C2-1.3. LM was supported by PRIN2022 – I53D23002160006. Work on islet phenotyping resource development in Canada is supported by a grant funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Breakthrough T1D Canada and Diabetes Canada to JX, JDJ and PEM (5-SRA-2021-1149-S-B/TG 179092). PEM holds the Canada Research Chair in Islet Biology.
: PEM is Director of the ADI IsletCore, consulting director of the Michigan IsletCore, a previous contributor to HPAP, and an external advisor to IIDP and HIPP. PEM, JDJ and JX belong to a consortium that established , and JX developed the site.
: All authors were responsible for drafting the article and reviewing it critically for important intellectual content. All authors approved the version to be published.
