Updates are available Correction dated 2026-05-22
Click to view Correction: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-026-06752-z
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Authors
Chepulis, Lynne https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9661-4669
Gan, Han https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9676-5291
Simmons, David
Rodrigues, Mark
Keenan, Rawiri https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8312-8525
Murphy, Rinki
Kenealy, Tim https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6002-4766
Te Karu, Leanne https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8645-3937
Magliano, Dianna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9507-6096
Scott-Jones, Jo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8490-9072
Moffitt, Allan
Lao, Chunhuan
Lawrenson, Ross https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0437-8839
Paul, Ryan G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1579-3870
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Health Research Council of New Zealand (21/839)
University of Waikato
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Article History
Received: 7 October 2025
Accepted: 6 March 2026
First Online: 27 April 2026
Change Date: 22 May 2026
Change Type: Update
Change Details: The original online version of this article was revised: Fig. 1 was corrected.
Change Date: 22 May 2026
Change Type: Correction
Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:
Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-026-06752-z
Acknowledgements
: The authors of this study would like to thank the four PHOs (Pinnacle, Procare and Hauraki PHOs and the National Hauora Coalition) for providing primary care data. We would also like to thank the Health Research Council of New Zealand for funding this study. We acknowledge that some of these data have previously been presented as an abstract at the Advanced Technologies & Treatments for Diabetes conference meeting in 2025.
: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author but restrictions apply to the availability of these data due to patient privacy. These data were supplied and used under licence for the current study and therefore are not publicly available. Data are, however, available from the authors upon reasonable request and with the permission of the Procare, Pinnacle and Hauraki PHOs and the National Hauora Coalition.
: Open Access funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutions. This study was funded by the Health Research Council of New Zealand, and the council was not involved in any aspect of study design, data collection, interpretation or dissemination.
: DM is a member of the editorial board of Diabetologia . The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
: LC is the project lead and co-ordinated data collection and analysis and prepared the primary manuscript draft. HG analysed the data (with methodological support and advice from CL), which were initially compiled by MR. JS-J and AM facilitated access to primary care data. LTK, RP and RK provided cultural and clinical support. TK, RM and RL provided clinical support. LTK, RP, DS, RK, RM, DM and RL contributed to clinical interpretation and manuscript writing. All authors had full access to the data, contributed to the preparation of this manuscript and approved the work for publication. LC is responsible for the integrity of the work as a whole.
