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Article History

Received: 3 December 2025

Accepted: 26 February 2026

First Online: 24 April 2026

Acknowledgements

: We acknowledge and credit the investigators who generated and shared the CITY, DLCP, JDRF, REPBG and SENCE clinical trial data sets. Some of data have been presented as an oral presentation at the Advanced Technology and Treatments for Diabetes meeting in March, 2026.

: The clinical trial study data used in this research can be downloaded from . The real-world data analysed in this study, specifically the AG-HbA 1c pairs and corresponding demographic information together with statistical analysis plan, can be requested from the corresponding author. These data will become available upon publication of this manuscript and will remain accessible for at least 1 year afterward, or longer if permitted by institutional data‑sharing policies. Data will be shared with qualified researchers for non-commercial scientific purposes, including replication, secondary analyses and methodological development. Access will be granted contingent on: (1) a reasonable research request; (2) approval of an institutional data use agreement; and (3) confirmation that the proposed analyses comply with patient privacy protections and ethical requirements. Data will be shared in de-identified form only and may carry restrictions that prohibit re-identification, redistribution to third parties or use for commercial purposes. Approved researchers will receive secure electronic access to the de-identified dataset via an institutional file-sharing mechanism.

: This work was funded by Abbott Diabetes Care. The study sponsor/funder was not involved in the design of the study; the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; writing the report; and did not impose any restrictions regarding the publication of the report.

: RMB has received research support, has acted as a consultant, or has been on the scientific advisory board for Abbott Diabetes Care, Ascensia, DexCom Eli Lilly, Hygieia, Johnson & Johnson, Medtronic, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Onduo, Roche, Sanofi and United Healthcare. RMB’s employer, non-profit HealthPartners Institute, contracts for his services and no personal income goes to RMB. YX and TCD are employees of Abbott Diabetes Care. PC reports personal fees from Abbott, Dexcom, embecta, Glooko, Lilly, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Vertex and Ypsomed, and institutional research support from Abbott, Dexcom, Medtronic and Novo Nordisk. RAA received no specific funding for this work but declares research support for other projects and honoraria from Abbott Diabetes Care.

: All authors made substantial contributions to the conception, design and implementation of the work. All authors were actively involved in drafting the manuscript, critically reviewing its content and approving the final version for publication. RMB and YX are guarantors of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.