Document is current

Article History

Received: 14 August 2025

Accepted: 5 March 2026

First Online: 22 April 2026

Acknowledgements

: We acknowledge the contributions of Professor Mark Ashworth, King’s College London, to the data extraction and initial discussions on the study's aims and design. Sadly, Professor Ashworth passed away in 2024, prior to substantial revisions to the study design and manuscript preparation. As a result, we were unable to seek his approval for the final version or his agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work. Consequently, we could not include him as a co-author, but we recognise his highly valued contributions to the early stages of this research and his generous contributions to the field.

: The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to restrictions on use of the data for the approved researchers and projects only. The data are therefore available from the authors on request, subject to obtaining project-specific data access approvals from the NHS South East London Integrated Care System (SE London ICS [ ]) and in accordance with recent guidelines from the Lambeth DataNet [ ].

: This study is funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. DSt and DSh received financial support from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (NIHR203318) and King’s College London. JD-M received funding from the ESRC through the Centre for Society and Mental Health at King’s College London (ESRC reference: ES/S012567/1) and is in receipt of funding from UK Research and Innovation for the Population Mental Health Consortium (grant number MR/Y030788/1), which is part of Population Health Improvement UK (PHI UK), a national research network that works to transform health and reduce inequalities through change at the population level.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: All authors contributed to the conceptualisation of the work, methodological approach, interpretation of the results, and critically reviewed and edited the manuscript drafts. In addition, DSh was responsible for the original draft, methodology, data preparation and formal analysis, JD-M was responsible for the data access and extraction, funding acquisition, study design and analysis supervision, and DSt was responsible for the conceptualisation and methodological supervision. All authors edited and approved the final version of the manuscript and gave consent for publication. DSh is the guarantor of this work and is responsible for the integrity of the work as a whole.