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Authors
Babir, Fiona J. https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9899-0824
Marcotte-Chénard, Alexis https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7594-5330
Sandilands, Roderick E. https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0508-0786
D’Amico, Angelina
Falkenhain, Kaja https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3240-964X
Mulkewich, Noah
Islam, Hashim https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7145-0522
Richards, Douglas L.
Madden, Kenneth https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4367-557X
Singer, Joel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4936-4086
Riddell, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6556-7559
Gibala, Martin J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5287-0014
Little, Jonathan P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9796-2008
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Diabetes Canada (Diabetes Canada Operating Grant: End Diabetes 2022)
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Article History
Received: 5 December 2025
Accepted: 10 March 2026
First Online: 24 April 2026
Data availability
: De-identified data may be made available for researchers with an institutional email address for the purpose of pre-registered systematic reviews or meta analysis by requesting from the corresponding author via email.
: This project was supported by a Diabetes Canada Operating Grant: End Diabetes 2022 Award. FJB is supported by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research Canadian Graduate Scholarship – Doctoral. AMC was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Fonds de Recherche du Québec – Santé, and a Michael Smith Research BC postdoctoral fellowship. KF is supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the American Heart Association (25POST1365227). JPL is the University of British Columbia – Okanagan Principal’s Research Chair in Metabolism.
: MJG is an advisor to and holds equity in Longevity League Ltd, a US-based company whose services in part relate to exercise. The remaining authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
: FJB and AMC contributed to designing the study, data collection, data analysis, interpreting the results, and drafting the manuscript. RS contributed to data collection and data analysis, and reviewed the manuscript. AD contributed to data analysis and reviewed the manuscript. KF performed data analysis and data interpretation and helped with drafting the manuscript. NM contributed to data collection and reviewed the manuscript. HI contributed to designing the study and editing the manuscript. DR participated in data collection and reviewed the manuscript. KM and JS contributed to the study design and reviewed the manuscript. MR contributed to the study design and edited the manuscript. MJG and JPL contributed to designing the study, interpreting the results, and drafting the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript. JPL is the guarantor of this work.
