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Article History

Received: 4 February 2026

Accepted: 14 April 2026

First Online: 9 June 2026

Acknowledgements

: We thank S. Krell, A. Hamburg, A. Volov (Department of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel) for excellent technical assistance.

: The data generated and analysed during the current study are available after publication, with no restriction, from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: This work was supported by the ISF-Breakthrough T1D Excellence Consortium (to AH, MDW and DBZ), Research and Recruitment Funding, Boston Children’s Hospital (to NK), the Sheldon Lavin Center (to AH and SH), and a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship to AY.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: OC, AZ, SH and AH conceived the study. OC, AZ, AY, HK, PK, OG, IMS, SH, MDW, DBZ, NK and AH made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data, and to drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content. All authors approved the final version. AH is responsible for the integrity of the work as a whole.