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Authors
Said, Noora https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1096-9814
Jones, Ian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1344-4933
Anderson-Baucum, Emily K. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3279-5431
Evans-Molina, Carmella https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7764-8663
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (I01BX001733)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK097512)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK093954)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK127308)
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Article History
Received: 14 December 2025
Accepted: 14 April 2026
First Online: 27 June 2026
Ethics
Acknowledgements: The authors acknowledge the support of the Indiana Diabetes Research Center, supported by NIH P30DK097512.
Funding: Work in the authors’ laboratories was supported by NIH grants R01 DK093954 and DK127308 and U01DK127786 (to CE-M) and VA Merit Award I01BX001733 (to CE-M).
Authors’ relationships and activities: CE-M has served on advisory boards related to type 1 diabetes research clinical trial initiatives: Isla Technologies, DiogenyX, Neurodon, Sanofi; has received in-kind research support from BMS (access to compounds for a BT1D-funded project); and received past Investigator-initiated grants: Lilly Pharmaceuticals and Astellas Pharmaceuticals. CE-M has a patent (16/291,668) for Extracellular Vesicle Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Cargo as a Biomarker of Hyperglycaemia and Type 1 Diabetes, and CE-M has a provisional patent (63/285,765) for Biomarker for Type 1 Diabetes (PDIA1 as a biomarker of beta cell stress). These activities have not dealt directly with topics covered in this manuscript. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
Contribution statement: NS, IJ and EKA-B contributed to writing of the original draft, review and editing. CE-M contributed to conceptualisation, writing of the original draft, review, editing and supervision. All authors approved the version of the manuscript to be published.
