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Article History

Received: 6 January 2026

Accepted: 12 May 2026

First Online: 20 July 2026

Ethics

Acknowledgements: We would like to acknowledge the contributions of L. Hutten and D. Flengas to data collection and thank them for their valuable assistance (Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands). The content of this article was partially presented during the 1st EASD Early Career Academy Meeting and the Dutch Translational Metabolism Conference in 2025.

Data availability: The current study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov on 12 December 2022 (registration no. NCT05576025; URL: ). Information regarding the trial protocol, statistical analysis plan, randomisation list, source data and any other study materials can be accessed upon request to the corresponding author.

Funding: Funded by the Dutch Organisation for Knowledge and Innovation in Health, Healthcare and Well-being (ZonMw): 09120012010062.

Authors' relationships and activities: PS is a member of the editorial board of Diabetologia. He was not involved in the handling or decision-making process of the manuscript. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

Contribution statement: Co-authors contributed to this work as follows: JH, PS, DPB and DH conceptualised the study; DH and TVDW collected the data; DH and JAJ curated and analysed the data; JAJ performed the plasma metabolite measurements; DH drafted the manuscript; JH, PS, DPB, DH, JAJ and TVDW interpreted the data and reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript. JH is responsible for the integrity of the work as a whole.