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Authors
Rogers, Natasha M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2456-9544
Hu, Min https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3750-220X
Jimenez-Vera, Elvira
Gabor, Hugh
Sharma, Preeti P. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8969-0076
Etherton, Colleen
Loudovaris, Tom https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7038-2302
Hawthorne, Wayne J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8638-3468
Drogemuller, Chris J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9770-4845
Torpy, David J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5069-0981
Holmes-Walker, Deborah J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3640-1370
Gloss, Brian https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7695-4394
Grey, Shane T. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2160-1625
Goodman, David https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6776-481X
Coates, P. Toby https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0342-8179
Kay, Tom W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7273-2556
O’Connell, Philip J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2036-283X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International (GNT 201302657)
The University of Sydney
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Article History
Received: 11 April 2026
Accepted: 28 May 2026
First Online: 17 August 2026
Ethics
Acknowledgements: The authors thank all the transplant donors and recipients as well as the clinical and research teams from all participating centres for their help in participant care and clinical data monitoring.
Data availability: Individual participant data will not be made available. The study protocol, statistical analysis plan and analytical code will be available upon publication in response to any reasonable request to the corresponding authors.
Funding: Open Access funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutions. This study was funded by a grant from Breakthrough T1D (formerly known as JDRF, GNT 201302657). The funder of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation or writing the report.
Authors’ relationships and activities: POC declares a position on the scientific advisory boards of Verici and Qihan Biotech. NMR declares honoraria from GlaxoSmithKline for lectures. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
Contribution statement: NMR was involved in project administration, supervision, investigation, resources, data curation and writing (reviewing and editing). MH, EJ-V, HG, PPS and CE were involved in data curation. TL was involved in project administration and data curation. WJH, CJD, DJT and DH-W were involved in project administration and investigation. BG conducted the bioinformatics analysis and was involved in data curation. STG was involved in conceptualisation and project administration. DG, PTC, TWK and POC were involved in conceptualisation, project administration and investigation. NMR, MH, EJ-V, PPS, HG, CE, TL and BG accessed and verified the underlying study data. All authors had full access to the data, critically reviewed the manuscript and made the decision to submit for publication. NMR and POC were responsible for final submission of the manuscript for publication, and all authors approved the final version before submission. The guarantors (NMR and POC) accept full responsibility of this work, including the conduct of the study, access to data and the decision to publish this work.
