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Article History

Received: 7 April 2026

Accepted: 4 June 2026

First Online: 3 August 2026

Ethics

Acknowledgements: The authors wish to thank Shanghai OE Biotech for their technical assistance.

Data availability: The data that support the findings are included within the ESM.

Funding: The authors are grateful for the generous support from the Program of Natural Science Foundation of State (grant no. 82560836, 81973745, 82104733), Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (826JCQN0974), Hainan Province Nanhai New Star Science and Technology Innovation Talent Platform Project by Hainan Provincial Department of Science and Technology (NHXXRCXM202317), and Academic Enhancement Support Program by Hainan Medical University (XSTS2026035, XSTS2025079).

Authors’ relationships and activities: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

Contribution statement: SQ, ST, WS, YX and AZ conceived and designed the study. DX, SG, ZW and YC performed the animal experiments, MALDI-MSI acquisition, in vitro podocyte cultures, western blotting, lipid peroxidation assays and clinical sample collection. SQ, YW, XY, YG, QZ and QY conducted the bioinformatic and statistical analyses, and SQ additionally processed the spatial metabolomics data and carried out the snRNA sequencing analysis. SQ drafted the manuscript. ST, WS, YX and AZ critically revised it for important intellectual content. All authors contributed to data interpretation and evaluation, contributed to the editing of the report, and approved the final submitted version of the manuscript. AZ verified the data and had access to raw data. AZ is the guarantor of the integrity of the work as a whole.