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Authors
Jørgensen, Isabella L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9868-7629
Damm, Peter https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2067-5246
Andersen, Mette K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8227-1469
Reim, Pauline K. https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0135-8218
Madsen, Lana R. F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0120-2638
Crusell, Mie K. W. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0144-7472
Kelstrup, Louise https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3994-0377
Ringholm, Lene https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2971-8043
Mathiesen, Elisabeth R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3279-0863
Lauenborg, Jeannet https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8485-3793
Hansen, Torben https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8748-3831
Thuesen, Anne C. B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8639-9117
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Hospital
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Article History
Received: 9 February 2026
Accepted: 8 June 2026
First Online: 4 August 2026
Ethics
Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank all the women in the GDM cohort for participating in the study. Laboratory assistance was provided by T. H. Lorentzen at the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research. HPC facilities and technical expertise were provided by the Data Analytics Platform, including Staff Scientist C. F. Rundsten, at the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research.
Data availability: The data contain sensitive personal information and are thus not openly available due to data protection regulations. Access to the register data is governed and provided by Statistics Denmark and can be granted to researchers affiliated with authorised research institutions following approval from relevant Danish Authorities (Danish Data Protection Agency). Access to genetic and phenotypic data requires approval from the Danish Data Protection Agency and Scientific Ethical Committee and a data processor agreement must be signed between the data processor and data controller and may not be processed for purposes other than statistical and scientific studies.
Funding: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. ILJ is part of a clinical research and implementation project, TRANSLATE, supported by the Innovation Foundation (9090-00078B). ACBT is supported by the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF17OC0028328) and the BRIDGE – Translational Excellence Programme (bridge.ku.dk) at the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF20SA0064340). The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research is supported by an unrestricted grant from the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF23SA0084103).
Authors’ relationships and activities: LR serves as the chairperson of the Diabetic Pregnancy Study Group (unpaid); has received grants from Novo Nordisk A/S (grant number: U1111-1209-6358) for the CopenFast trial, an investigator sponsored study, and from the Novo Nordisk Foundation (grant number: NNF24OC0091713) for an investigator sponsored randomised controlled trial; and participated in the European Association for the Study of Diabetes annual meeting 2023 as an invitee by Novo Nordisk. PD and ERM are involved in clinical studies on the use of insulin in pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes in collaboration with Novo Nordisk, but no personal honorarium is received. TH owns stocks in Novo Nordisk. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
Contribution statement: The study was conceived by ILJ, PD, TH and ACBT. The study was designed by ILJ, PD, TH, ACBT and PKR. ILJ, PD, JL and LRFM collected data. ILJ performed statistical analysis and prepared the first draft of the manuscript. All co-authors took part in interpreting data and revising the manuscript, and approved the final version to be published. ILJ is the guarantor of this work.
