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Authors
de Wit, Douwe F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2124-4915
Fuhri Snethlage, Coco M. https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4166-5045
Levels, Johannes H. M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8832-4242
Rampanelli, Elena https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7742-0092
Meijnikman, Abraham S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6015-4656
Nieuwdorp, Max https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1926-7659
Hanssen, Nordin M. J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9541-7244
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
DON - DNF (2020.10.002)
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Article History
Received: 6 February 2026
Accepted: 4 June 2026
First Online: 8 August 2026
Ethics
Data availability: The data that support the findings of this study are not publicly available due to privacy restrictions. Requests for data access may be submitted via the corresponding author and will be considered on a case-by-case basis for research purposes, subject to institutional approval and relevant ethical and regulatory requirements. Data will be made available only to eligible researchers through the Amsterdam UMC formal application mechanism and may be subject to restrictions on use.
Funding: This research was supported by a DFN DON grant 2020, under which CMFS was appointed. MN is supported by a personal NWO VICI grant 2020 (09150182010020) and an ERC advanced grant (101141346). NMJH is supported by an NWO VIDI grant (09150172210019). The funders of the study had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis or data interpretation, or writing of the report.
Authors’ relationships and activities: MN is the founder and a scientific advisory board member of Caelus Pharmaceuticals and Advanced Microbiome Interventions (The Netherlands). He is also on the board of directors of Diabeter Netherlands BV. NMJH has received honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer and Novo Nordisk paid to his employer. NMJH has received a research grant from Novo Nordisk. None of these interests are relevant to this article. The remaining authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
Contribution statement: DFDW and NMJH drafted the work. ASM, ER, MN and NMJH substantially contributed to the conception and design of the work. CMFS, DFDW and JHML substantially contributed to the acquisition of data. DFDW analysed the data. CMFS, ER, ASM, JHML and MN critically revised it for important intellectual content. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript. NMJH is responsible for the integrity of the work as a whole.
