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Article History

Received: 23 March 2026

Accepted: 10 June 2026

First Online: 19 August 2026

Ethics

Data availability: Data that support the study findings are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request, starting from the publication date and will remain accessible for a minimum of 5 years, in line with institutional policies via email. Access will be granted to qualified researchers to address research questions that are consistent with the scope of the original study and meet ethical and legal requirements.

Funding: Open access funding provided by The Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) in cooperation with The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB).

Authors’ relationships and activities: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

Contribution statement: AAA, EAI, MSA, MRS and NYS contributed equally to conceptualisation, study design, data collection, analysis and drafting of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. NYS is responsible for the integrity of the work as a whole.

Ethics approval: The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of Ain Shams University (approval number FMASU MS 794/2024), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants and their legal guardians before participation.

Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the manuscript preparation process: No generative AI was used in the manuscript preparation.