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Article History

Received: 22 October 2025

Accepted: 28 May 2026

First Online: 22 September 2026

Ethics

Acknowledgements: The authors are deeply grateful for the valuable insights provided by the patient advisory council during the development of this position statement. The following members consented to be acknowledged by name: Kirsten Jorsal (Denmark), Marcel Tamegger (Austria), Loida Nedeltsou (Greece), Freek den Dulk (the Netherlands) and Pilar Gimeno (Spain).

Data availability: No new data were created or analysed in this article. All data supporting the findings of this consensus report are available within the article and its electronic supplementary material, or from the references cited within the article.

Funding: This report received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. No sponsor/funder was involved in the design of the study, the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, or writing the report, and there were no restrictions regarding the publication of the report.

Authors’ relationships and activities: MTO serves on the scientific advisory board for decide Clinical Software (GlucoTab). EKS has received research support from Dexcom, Medtronic, Sequel Med Tech and Tandem Diabetes Care for the conduct of clinical trials. HT has received research support from Dexcom and participated in advisory groups for Dexcom, Medtronic, Sanofi and Roche Diabetes. KDh has received honoraria, travel support or fees for speaking or advisory board meetings from Abbott Diabetes, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Menarini, Novo Nordisk, Roche and Sanofi Diabetes. PA has received research support from Dexcom. ANL has received research support from Abbott and Novo Nordisk and has received speakers fees and payment for attending advisory boards from Abbot, Dexcom, Insulet, Lilly Diabetes, Medtronic, Menarini, Novo Nordisk, Roche and Sanofi. He is Chair of Diabetes Technology Network-UK (DTN-UK) (details of external support to DTN-UK available from ). KDu has received research support from Dexcom, Abbott, Insulet and UpToDate and serves on the advisory board for Eli Lilly. AP-T has received research support from and serves on the advisory boards for Dexcom, Medtronic, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk and Concept and serves on the advisory board for Regeneron. DNO has received research support from and serves on the advisory boards for Medtronic, Insulet, Roche and Abbott. SRJ has received speaker fees from Abbott, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi. ALL has received speaker fees and/or support to attend conferences from Dexcom and Novo Nordisk and research support from the Association of British Clinical Diabetologists. EGW has received personal fees from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Dexcom, Eli Lilly, embecta, Insulet, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Sinocare and Ypsomed and research support from Abbott, embecta, Insulet, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi. JLVS has received research support from Roche. RV has served on advisory panels for Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, Dexcom, Eli Lilly, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Roche and Sanofi (fees paid to the institution KU Leuven). CM serves or has served on advisory panels for Abbott, Bayer, Biomea Fusion, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Insulet, Medtronic, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, SAb Biotherapeutics, Sanofi and Vertex Pharmaceuticals (financial compensation paid to institution); has received research support (to institution) from ActoBio Therapeutics, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi; serves or has served on speaker bureaus for Abbott, Dexcom, Eli Lilly, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi and Vertex Pharmaceuticals (financial compensation paid to institution); and was President of EASD from 2022 to 2025 (information on all external support from EASD is available from ) and Vice-President of the European Diabetes Forum from 2023 to 2025. IBH reports research support from Dexcom, Tandem Diabetes Care and MannKind and consulting fees from Abbott Diabetes Care, Roche, embecta and Vertex Pharmaceuticals. FJP has received research support through his institution from Dexcom, Tandem Diabetes Care, Insulet, Novo Nordisk and Ideal Medical Technologies and personal consulting fees from Dexcom and has provided consulting services for Insulet (services paid to his institution). FJP is an editor of Diabetes Care but was not involved in any of the decisions regarding review of the manuscript or its acceptance. GU has received research support (to Emory University) from Abbott, Dexcom, Corcept Therapeutics and Bayer and has served as a member of advisory boards for Dexcom, Glucotrack and GlyCare. RJG has received research support from Novo Nordisk, Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, twiist/DEKA and Dexcom and served on the advisory board or as a consultant for Amgen, Bayer, Boehringer, Eli Lilly, Gan & Lee Pharmaceuticals, Dexcom, Medtronic and Novo Nordisk. UP-B has received speakers fees from Abbott, Sanofi and Novo Nordisk and has served on advisory boards for Sanofi and Novo Nordisk. UP-B is a member of the editorial board of Diabetologia . JKM reports serving as a member of advisory boards of Abbott Diabetes Care, Becton, Dickinson and Company, Dexcom, Eli Lilly, embecta, Insulet, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, PharmaSens, Roche Diabetes Care, Sanofi, Tandem Diabetes Care and Viatris. She has received speaker honoraria from A. Menarini Diagnostics, Abbott Diabetes Care, BUZUD, Dexcom, Eli Lilly, MedTrust, Novo Nordisk, Roche Diabetes Care, Sanofi, Sinocare, Viatris and Ypsomed. She is a shareholder of decide Clinical Software and elyte diagnostics and serves as Chief Marketing Officer of elyte diagnostics. KN serves as an adviser to Medtronic, Abbott, Convatec and Novo Nordisk; owns shares in Novo Nordisk; has received research grants (to institution) from Novo Nordisk, Zealand Pharma, Dexcom and Medtronic; and has received fees for speaking from Medtronic and Novo Nordisk. No other potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported. Some authors disclosed conflicts of interest as listed above, which were fully declared and addressed during the consensus process via forming balanced subgroups. Drafts were reviewed and critically discussed by the full panel—including members with no conflicts and those with offsetting interests—to ensure diverse perspectives. Additionally, an advisory council of individuals living with diabetes provided independent input to help ensure that the recommendations reflect broad stakeholder views.

Contribution statement: MTO, KN, JKM, PLK and UP-B initially created a compendium of topic areas for consideration by the rest of the expert panel. Authors were primarily responsible for developing the nine subtopics as follows: PA, KDh, UP-B and GU, subtopic 1; KDu, AP-T, EKS and KN, subtopic 2; MTO, HT and RJG, subtopic 3; FJP and JKM, subtopic 4; JLVS, PV and PLK, subtopic 5; KK and RV, subtopic 6; ANL, SRJ and IBH, subtopic 7; DNO, CM and OGM, subtopic 8; and EGW and ALL, subtopic 9. A consolidated draft consensus manuscript and consensus recommendations were developed by all authors. The draft was then revised by all authors. The final draft was approved by all authors.