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Article History

Received: 27 February 2026

Accepted: 12 June 2026

First Online: 21 August 2026

Ethics

Acknowledgements: The authors thank M. Solimena (Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Germany) and S. J. Richardson (Exeter Centre of Excellence for Diabetes Research, UK) for discussions and D. N. Tran (Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands) for careful reading and editing of the manuscript.

Funding: Work in the authors’ laboratories is supported by funding from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-22-CE14-0052-01) (RS), the Laboratoire d’Excellence consortium Revive (Investissements d’Avenir ANR-10-LABX-73-01) (RS), Cure One, Type 1 Diabetes Research Center (AZ), the Dutch Diabetes fonds (AZ), Breakthrough T1D (grant 2-SRA-2024-1550-S-B) (AZ), the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreements 115797 and 945268 (INNODIA HARVEST), which receive support from the EU Horizon 2020 programme, Breakthrough T1D (formerly known as JDRF) and The Leona M. & Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust (RS and AZ).

Authors’ relationships and activities: RS is a shareholder and consultant for Human Cell Design. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

Contribution statement: RS and AZ were responsible for drafting the article and reviewing it critically for important intellectual content. They both approved the version to be published.