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Article History

Received: 31 March 2026

Accepted: 16 July 2026

First Online: 21 September 2026

Ethics

Acknowledgements: We thank I. Hartung Rapp, J. Gutwein and M. Haberzettl (all of the University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany) for their invaluable contribution in conducting the clinical interviews. We also thank C. Vogel and R. Pryss (both University of Wuerzburg) for developing the pro-mental EMA app and their continuing support.

Funding: Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. The DIA-LINK1 and DIA-LINK2 studies were supported by the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) under grant number 82DZD01102. The PRO-MENTAL study was supported by the DZD under grant number 82DZD11E03. The sponsor played no role in study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation of data or the writing of the report, or in the decision to submit the paper for publication.

Authors’ relationships and activities: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

Contribution statement: DE analysed the data and wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the discussion and revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. AS and LYK collected the data. DE, AS, LYK, BK and NH designed the study. DB contributed to the interpretation of data. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript. DE and NH are the guarantors of this work and, as such, had full access to all of the data and take responsibility for the integrity and the accuracy of the data.