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Authors
Riediger, Christian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2336-6684
Ferl, Mark
Lohrengel, Martin
Illiger, Sebastian
Lohmann, Christoph H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2962-2183
Schönrogge, Maria https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8904-3637
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg
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Article History
Received: 18 March 2026
Accepted: 31 March 2026
First Online: 6 May 2026
Declarations
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: C. Riediger, M. Ferl, M. Lohrengel, S. Illiger, C.H. Lohmann and M. Schönrogge declare that they have no competing interests.
: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the institutional policies of the Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (reference number: 172/15). The committee granted a waiver of informed consent because the analysis was performed retrospectively on fully anonymized radiographic data. All data were handled in compliance with the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and local data protection standards of the University Hospital Magdeburg. The use of LLM (ChatGPT) was restricted to research purposes under direct clinical supervision. LLM (ChatGPT) is not a certified medical device (e.g., FDA or CE approved), and its outputs were used solely for exploratory analysis within this research framework.
