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Article History

Received: 21 September 2020

Accepted: 12 October 2020

First Online: 11 November 2020

Compliance with ethical standards

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: C-EL reports personal fees from Merck Sharp and Dohme, Thermo Fisher Brahms, Biomérieux, Carmat, Bayer Healthcare, Aerogen and grants from Bayer Healthcare, outside the scope of the submitted work. ACM is supported by a Clinical Research Career Development Fellowship from the Wellcome Trust (WT 2055214/Z/16/Z). MK is supported by the Barnes-Jewish Hospital Foundation. IM-L received lecture fees from Gilead and Merck. SN reports personal fees from Merck Sharp and Dohme, Gilead, Pfizer, Biomérieux, and Bio Rad, outside the scope of the submitted work. OTR declares no competing interests. He is funded through a Sara Borrell grant from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CD19/00110). MS reports lecture fees from Maquet, Getinge and Fresenius, outside the scope of the submitted work. AT reports personal fees from Arsanis, Aridis, Bayer, Roche, Polyphor, GSK and Pfizer outside the submitted work. J-FT declares participation in adboard for MSD, Pfizer, Gilead, Paratek, Bayer, Medimune, and Nabriva; lectures for MSD, Pfizer, Biomerieux and research grants to his research team from MSD, Pfizer, Thermofisher, outside the submitted work. J-FT is the PI of academic research project MULTICAP (PHRC N 16-0595 NCT 03452826) on molecular methods for diagnosing severe pneumonia and is PI of an academic research comparing antimicrobial regimens in severe sepsis (BICCS PHRC-N 18-0316 not yet recruiting), both outside the submitted work. Other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to declare in relation with the current manuscript.

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