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Article History

Received: 15 December 2024

Accepted: 16 March 2025

First Online: 31 March 2025

Declarations

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: ACG reports that outside of this work he has received grant funding from the National Institute for Health and Care Research. AB reports grant funding from the NHMRC. AJB reports grant funding from the Belfast Health and Social Care Trust Charity and support from ViroGates. ACG reports that outside of this work he has received consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Beckman Coulter, and VVB Bio, speaker fees from Fresenius Kabi and grant support from the NIHR HTA programme. ACG is the director of the NIHR National Research Collaboration Programme. Outside the submitted work, DFM reports personal fees for consultancy from Bayer, GSK, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Novartis and SOBI and for being a member of the data monitoring and ethics committee for Vir Biotechnology and Faron studies and as an educational seminar speaker for GSK. DFM has received funding to his institution from the NIHR, MRC, Wellcome Trust, Innovate UK, Northern Ireland Health and Social Care Research and Development Office, Novavax and Randox. In addition, DFM is a named inventor on a patent US8962032 covering the use of sialic acid-bearing nanoparticles as anti-inflammatory agents issued to his institution. DFM was a Director of Research for the Intensive Care Society and is the Director for the MRC/NIHR EME Programme and is the Scientific Director for NIHR Programmes. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.