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Article History

Received: 10 February 2025

Accepted: 12 April 2025

First Online: 5 May 2025

Declarations

:

: Anthony C. Gordon reports NIHR Health Technology Assessment and Imperial BRC grants to his institution,consultancy payments from AstraZeneca, Beckman Coulter and VVB Bio, a Fresenius Kabi speaker fee, and a leadership role with the NIHR National Research Collaboration Programme (institutional payments) . David A. Harrison declares institutional research grants from the UK NIHR (REMAP-CAP) and the EU ECRAID-Base consortium .Balasubramanian Venkatesh holds an NHMRC Investigator Fellowship and institutional grants from Baxter and Endpoint Health . Jeremy Cohen is chief investigator on an MRFF grant (funds to UNSW) and is Treasurer of the College of Intensive Care Medicine (unpaid) . Lindsay Berry is an employee of Berry Consultants, specialising in adaptive and platform trial statistics . David Antcliffe reports NIHR EME and DSE awards paid to his institution . Kevin Gibbs receives NIH, PCORI and US DoD grants (institutional), travel support to Critical Care Reviews 2024 and serves on a Vanderbilt DSMB . Naomi Hammond holds an NHMRC Emerging Leadership grant and consultancy fees from Revimmune Inc. to her institution . Thomas E. Hills has project-specific funding from the Health Research Council of New Zealand and Te Niwha Infectious Diseases Research Platform . Kristina E. Rudd is supported by an NIH/NIGMS K23 award . Djillali Annane receives institutional grants from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche, French Ministry of Health and Plan d’Investissement d’Avenir . John A. Myburgh holds an NHMRC Leadership Fellowship . Daniel F.McAuley lists multiple investigator-initiated institutional grants from NIHR, Innovate UK, MRC, Wellcome Trust and others, plus an industry-sponsored Novavax study . Jesús Villar receives competitive research funding from Instituto de Salud Carlos III and European programmes for ARDS projects . Bram Rochwerg acknowledges NIHR grant support to his institution for REMAP-CAP . All remaining authors—Dipayan Chaudhuri, Domingo Martínez Baño, Holger Bogatsch, Frank M. Brunkhorst, Tyler Pitre, André Scherag, Rohit Saha, Winnie Liu, Ellen Pauley and Alistair Nichol—declare no competing interests.