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Authors
Cummings, Matthew J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2906-0966
Lutwama, Julius J.
Tomoiaga, Alin S.
Zhao, Meng
Owor, Nicholas
Lu, Xuan
Eliku, Peter James
Ross, Jesse E.
Nsereko, Christopher
Nayiga, Irene
Kyebambe, Stephen
Nsubuga, John Bosco
Shinyale, Joseph
Asasira, Ignatius
Kiyingi, Tonny
Ochar, Thomas
Kiwubeyi, Moses
Nankwanga, Rittah
Reynolds, Steven J.
Nakibuuka, Martina Cathy
Kayiwa, John
Haumba, Mercy
Nakaseegu, Joweria
Che, Xiaoyu
Nie, Kai
Kim-Schulze, Seunghee
Ghosh, Sankar
Lipkin, W. Ian
O’Donnell, Max R.
Bakamutumaho, Barnabas
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1TR001873)
Fogarty International Center (D43TW009607)
Burroughs Wellcome Fund
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (K23AI163364, R01AI184997)
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Article History
Received: 7 May 2025
Accepted: 15 July 2025
First Online: 29 July 2025
Declarations
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: MJC reports consulting fees from Vertex Pharmaceuticals and Veracyte unrelated to the submitted work. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.
: Each enrolled participant or their surrogate provided written informed consent. Study protocols were approved by ethics committees at Columbia University (AAAR1450), Uganda Virus Research Institute (GC/127/17/02–06/582), and Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (HS2308).
: ChatGPT Education-4o (OpenAI) was used for grammatical correction and to enhance manuscript readability.
