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Article History

Received: 28 May 2025

Accepted: 24 July 2025

First Online: 1 September 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships, which may be considered as potential competing interests. J-FT; received research grants from Pfizer, Merck, was speaker in conferences for Pfizer, Advanz, Biomerieux, Shionogi, Mundipharma, Qiagen, and participates to advisory boards organised by Menarini, Biomerieux, Merck, Advanz pharma all out of the submitted article. LL Non-financial research support from Biomerieux; received funding from Health and Medical Research Fund of the Health Bureau of Hong Kong SAR Government (No. 18190381) to support this work. EdM none; HB none; ACM speaking fees Biomerieux, Thermo-Fisher, Fischer and Paykel and Boston Scientific (paid to institution); ACM is supported by a Clinician Scientist Fellowship from the UK Medical Research Council (MR/V006118/1); LdB none; MF received research grants from Gilead and ViiV, and was speaker for conferences or advisory boards organised by Pfizer, Menarini, Infectiopharm, Thermo-Fisher; PNAH received research grants from Tamrisa, Microbio and Gilead, honoraria for speaking events from Pfizer, Biomerieux and Gilead and has served on advisory boards for Sandoz and OpGen and received travel support from Shionogi; FRM none; J-AP Talks or advisory boards for Pfizer, Merck-Sharp-Dohme, Gilead, AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals, Cepheid; DLP received research funding from Shionogi, Merck, bioMérieux, BioVersys, Gilead and Pfizer, consulting fees from the AMR Action Fund, CARB-X, GARDP, Aurobac, Pfizer, Merck, Cepheid, bioMérieux, and Spero.; GP Grants/Research Support:Pfizer, MSD, Gilead, Menarini, PharmaMar, Fabentech, Bausch, Astra-Zeneca, Hellenic Institute for the Study of Sepsis, University College London/University of Minnesota; Scientific Advisory board: Pfizer, Astra-Zeneca, Gilead, MSD, Menarini, SOBI; CR received speaker’s fees from Shionogi, bioMerieux, AOP Orphan, Advanz Pharma, Fresenius, Pfizer and MSD. attended Scientific Advisory Board from bioMerieux, Advanz Pharma and Viatris; JAR Consultancies/Advisory Boards—Sandoz (2024); Wolters Kluwer (2024); Qpex (2022); Gilead (2022); Advanz Pharma (2022); Speaking Fees—Sandoz (2024); Pfizer (2023); MSD (2022); Gilead (2022); Industry Grants—Biomerieux (2024); Pfizer (2023); AFS Consultant to Merck, Pfizer and Eagle Pharmaceuticals; AT none; JL none.

: Not needed.