Document is current

Article History

Received: 17 May 2025

Accepted: 11 August 2025

First Online: 21 August 2025

Declarations

:

: JP received funding from the Société Française d’Anesthésie-Réanimation, the Philippe Foundation, the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (Boston, MA), and the University Hospital of Montpellier. MF received funding from the Société de Réanimation de Langue Française and a Fulbright scholarship. SJ received consulting fees from Drager, Medtronic, Mindray, Fresenius, Baxter, and Fisher & Paykel. EBK has received lecturing fees from Hamilton Medical Inc. outside the submitted work and has received a KL2 award from Harvard Catalyst, The Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center (National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health award No. KL2 TR002542). MSS received funding for investigator-initiated studies from Merck & Co., which do not pertain to this manuscript. He is an associate editor for BMC Anesthesiology. He received honoraria for lectures from Fisher & Paykel Healthcare and Mindray Medical International Limited. He received an unrestricted philanthropic grant from Jeffrey and Judith Buzen. The other authors declare no competing interest. SJ is the Editor in Chief of Intensive Care Medicine. He has not taken part in the review or selection process of this article.

: This study was approved by the institutional review board at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (protocol number: 2023D000928), and the requirement for informed consent was waived.