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Article History

First Online: 23 March 2026

Declarations

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: Dr. Randolph is an advisor for Inotrem and principal investigator (PI) on a research study about influenza and respiratory syncytial virus/severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. She was also a consultant for ThermoFisher (relationship ended). Dr. Deep is an advisor for Mallinckrodt and is the Medical President-Elect for the European Society of Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care (ESPNIC). Dr. Nishisaki is the PI on the SMART PICU study funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and is a researcher for Chiesi USA. Dr. Morrow is a board member of the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies and the president of the Critical Care Society of Southern Africa. Dr. Buysse is a researcher for Zoll. Dr. De Luca is a speaker for Chiesi, Vyaire, and Medtronic. He is also a consultant for Getinge and Airway therapeutics. Dr. Carrol is chief investigator on the BATCH trial on procalcitonin funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment (HTA) program. She has received consulting fees for advisory panels paid directly to the University of Liverpool, from ThermoFisher, Biomerieux, and Danaher. Dr. Carlton is an independent contractor for UptoDate. Dr. Javouhey is a consultant for Sanofi. Dr. Balamuth is the co-principal investigator (Co-PI) on a trial evaluating normal vs. balanced fluids in pediatric sepsis funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). Dr. Valla is a consultant for Baxter, Nutricia, and Nestle Health Science. Dr. Scott is the PI on a randomized controlled trial (RCT) about screening funded by AHRQ. The trial ended in 2023. Dr. Flori is a scientific expert for Post & Schell PC (legal counsel firm). Dr. Lee is an investigator on the SHIPPS study funded by NIH. Dr. Zimmerman is the PI on the SHIPPS study funded by NIH and has received royalties from Elsevier Publishing. Dr. Wolf is a researcher for Karius and has received royalties from UptoDate. Dr. Fitzgerald was an independent contractor for BioPorto and is the PI/primary author on a study about sepsis-associated acute kidney injury funded by the NIH/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Dr. Choong is co-investigator (CO-I) on the SHIPPS trials funded by NIH and is a member of the Canadian critical care trials group. Lastly, she was the PI on a research study about long-term outcomes post-PICU funded by the AFP Innovation Fund. Dr. Remy is a member of Immune Functional Diagnostics, LLC. Dr. Menon is the PI on the SHIPPS trial funded by NIH and is the chair of the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Dr. Morin is a researcher on the use of blood purification devices for Baxter acute therapies. Dr. Schlapbach has or had received grants from MRFF, NIH, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), H2020, SNF, SPHN/PHRT, Thomas & Doris Ammann Foundation, and NOMIS foundation; he is currently involved in a trial on vitamin C and hydrocortisone in children with septic shock (investigator-led), the RESPOND trial; and he is chair of scientific affairs of ESPNIC. Dr. Peters is the PI on trials of conservative oxygenation strategies funded by U.K. NIHR HTA. Dr. Hall is the PI for a clinical trial and receives study drug (no charge) from Partner Therapeutics & Sobi. He is also the PI on a study about immune function & immune modulation funded by NIH. Lastly, he is a consultant for AbbVie and is a patent beneficiary for Kiadis. Dr. Carter is the Co-I on a grant (not funded) related to IV immunoglobulin administration. Dr. Agus is Co-PI on the SHIPPS trial funded by NIH and is a researcher for Dexcom. Dr. Tissieres is a consultant and PI on a study about angiotensin II funded by Paion; he is a consultant and researcher for a grant on oXiris (continuous venovenous hemofiltration) funded by Baxter; and he provides consulting services on nirsevimab (monoclonal antibody) funded by Sanofi and is past president of ESPNIC. Dr. Raman is chief PI on a study about vitamin C and steroids funded by NHMRC and is a chief PI on a study about beta-lactams (not started) funded by medical research futures (under embargo). Dr. Ray is Co-PI on the PIVOTAL platform trial (not started) and is a Co-I on the PRESSURE trial funded by NIHR. Dr. Faust received grants or contracts from Pfizer, Sanofi, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson, Merck, AstraZeneca, Valneva, Moderna, and BioNTech as clinical trial investigator on behalf of the institution; honoraria for symposium participation paid to the institution from Moderna, Pfizer, and Novavax; and honoraria for ad-boards participation paid to the institution from AstraZeneca, MedImmune, Sanofi, Pfizer, Seqirus, Merck, Johnson & Johnson, and MSD. He is an investigator on the BATCH trial funded by NIHR. Dr. Weiss is the Co-PI on a trial evaluating normal vs. balanced fluids in pediatric sepsis funded by NICHD and has received honoraria from ThermoFisher Scientific for work related to procalcitonin in pediatric critical illness. Dr. Oczkowski is a consultant for VitalAire. Dr. Nadel is an advisor for Sanofi and GSK. Dr. Ranjit is the PI on a pilot RCT comparing epinephrine vs. norepinephrine as first-line vasoactive agent in pediatric septic shock. Dr. Manning is PI on the OCEANIC study, Co-I on the PRESSURE trial both funded by NIHR; he is Co-I on the post-intensive care syndrome in pediatrics cohort study funded by NIH; and he is Nursing President-Elect of ESPNIC. The remaining authors have disclosed that they do not have any potential conflicts of interest.