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Article History

First Online: 23 March 2026

Declarations

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: Dr. Fox-Robichaud reported serving as the scientific director of Sepsis Canada and as principal investigator (PI) on a study funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Dr. Rhodes reported serving as an advisor for Maquet. Dr. Kwizera reported receiving research support from Fisher and Paykel and Vygon and serving as primary author on a trial funded by Wellcome Trust. Dr. Du reported serving as president of the Chinese Association of Critical Care Physicians and the Chinese College of Critical Care Medicine. Dr. Rochwerg reported membership on the American Thoracic Society (ATS) guideline committee for non-invasive respiratory support and the corticosteroids in sepsis guideline committee. Dr. Hodgson reported an executive role at Monash Partners, research support from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), and membership on the European Respiratory Society/ATS ICU rehabilitation guideline committee. Dr. Angus reported serving as a senior editor for JAMA. Dr. Azoulay reported receiving lecture fees from Baxter, Gilead, Alexion, and Pfizer. Dr. Machado reported serving as PI on the NOVA trial funded by Biolab, receiving speaking fees from BioMérieux, and serving as an advisor for Baxter. Dr. Prescott reported serving as a consultant for Aurobac Therapeutics. Dr. De Waele reported serving as a consultant for Roche Diagnostics. Dr. Roberts reported serving as a consultant for BioMérieux and as primary author on a study funded by the NHMRC. Dr. McPeake reported serving as a consultant for AstraZeneca, with payments made to her institution. Dr. Wiersinga reported receiving research support from Moderna and serving as PI on a study funded by Amsterdam UMC. Dr. Kesecioglu reported receiving lecture honoraria from Dräger Medical Equipment. Dr. Doi reported receiving research support from Nipro and is a Council member of the Japanese Society of Intensive Care. Dr. Honarmand reported receiving research support from the Lawson Health Research Institute and serving on the ATS guideline committee for early mobilization. Dr. Evans reported serving as vice-chair of rapid response for CHEST and chair of the ABIM council. Dr. Alberto reported membership in the World Federation of Critical Care Nurses and serving as a reviewer for a systematic review funded by Universidad del Salvador. Dr. Heunks reported serving as a consultant for Liberate Medical and receiving research support from the ATS. Dr. Derde reported involvement in the IMPRINT and ECRAID-Base trials; receiving financial and drug contributions for the REMAP-CAP trial from Roche, Sanofi, SOBI, Faron, and Dimerix (all paid to her institution). Dr. Azevedo reported receiving speaking fees from Baxter, MSD, and Nestle. Dr. Hashmi reported membership in Asia Pacific Sepsis Alliance and ISARIC. Dr. Nunnally reported serving as co-chair of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign Research Committee and participating in activities for ASA, AHA, and SOCCA. Dr. Ostermann reported research support from Baxter and BioMérieux (paid to her institution) and coauthoring articles on hemoadsorption. Dr. Antonelli reported serving as an advisor for AstraZeneca, Grifols, Menarini, and Shionogi, and as a consultant for Baxter. Dr. Klompas reported receiving royalties from UpToDate and research support from the AHRQ and CDC. Dr. Gong reported serving as a section editor for Wolters Kluwer. Dr. Ego reported serving as vice-chair of the Japanese Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Dr. Moller reported sponsorship of the EMPRESS RCT. Dr. Leeies reported membership in the Canadian Critical Care Society and the Canadian Society for Transplantation. Dr. Hammond reported receiving research support and IV fluids from Baxter Healthcare. Dr. Mohr reported serving as primary author on a study funded by AHRQ and HRSA and serving on the board of Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. Dr. Ferrer reported receiving speaking fees from Pfizer and owning stock in Grifols. Dr. Rosa reported receiving grants from the Brazilian Ministry of Health paid to his company. Dr. Sawyer reported receiving consultancy fees from Molnlycke, Shionogi, and AbbVie and research support from the NIH. Dr. Maves reported research support from AiCuris, Biotest, Geovax, and Merck (paid to his institution) and serving as a consultant for Shionogi. Dr. Peake reported serving as co-PI on the ARISE FLUIDS trial. Dr. Jacob reported serving as PI and CSO for the STAIRS study. Dr. Oczkowski reported serving as a consultant for VitalAire. Dr. McGloughlin reported serving as a consultant for the WHO and as clinical director for the Australian Living Evidence Collaboration. Dr. Simpson reported serving on the editorial board of CHEST SEEK. Dr. Iwashyna reported coauthoring the Haines article. Dr. Arabi reported serving as PI on the SCREEN trial and chair of the Saudi Critical Care Society trials group. Dr. Freund reported serving as PI on the 1BED trial.