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Article History

Received: 6 February 2026

Accepted: 12 March 2026

First Online: 15 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Dr Myatra holds the position of Chair of the Intensive & Critical Care Medicine, Committee of the World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists (WFSA) (unpaid) and has been the Past President of the Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine (unpaid). Dr Nasa holds stocks/stock options for Xtrackers MSCI USA Healthcare. GPC: holds the position of Vice-President of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine (unpaid). Dr Balavenkatesh is on the Data Safety Monitoring Board of the FEISTY trial (honorary role). Dr Ostermann discloses research funding from Baxter and Biomerieux (paid to institution), is President-Elect of ESICM; Member of Council of Intensive Care Society UK; is Co-Chair of KDIGO AKI Guideline committee. Dr Leeies discloses grants or contracts from Health Canada, Kidney Foundation of Canada, Royal College Foundation, Canadian Blood Services, is the Director of Equity, Diversity, Decolonization and Inclusion for the Canadian Critical Care Society. Dr Coopersmith discloses grants or contracts from National Institutes of Health (not supporting this work). Dr Sorce discloses honoraria for presentation from Children’s Hospital of Atlanta, support for meeting attendance from ESPNIC 2024 and 2025, FEPIMCTI-Congress Panama 2024 and 2025, Columbia Critical Care meeting, Society of Critical Care Medicine 2023, 2024, 2025. Dr Sorce is an elected member of the Executive Committee and serves as the Immediate Past President of the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) 2025–2026. The views presented are those of the author and not intended to represent the views of SCCM. Dr Weiss discloses Grants or contracts from Innovation Fonds (ERIC 01NVF16011, EMC2 01VSF21035), German Ministry of Health (FUTURE-UKR, FUTURE-UZB, FUTURE-ZAF), Teladoc Health GmbH (industrial grant), European Society of Intensive Care (EuMAS Study Grant), Dr Weiss discloses payment or honoraria for lectures from Dr. F. Koehler Chemie (paid to self and institution), and Sedana Medical (paid to institution), BW discloses support got travel costs for attending meetings from Teladoc Health GmbH, Dr Weiss discloses Participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board of Cytoresc, DSMB (unpaid), HOPE Study DSMB (unpaid), Dr Weiss is on advisory board of ESA Guidelines on Postoperative Delirium (unpaid), Dr Weiss holds the position of State Chair of the German Society of Anesthesiology (unpaid), Chair of the PJ-Commission of Charité (sub-internship) (unpaid). Dr Berger-Estilita: discloses consulting fees, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events, support for attending meetings and/or travel from Medtronic (payment to institution), discloses participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board of Medtronic. Dr Branson is an Editor, Respiratory Care American Association for Respiratory Care (paid). Dr De Waele discloses Sr Clinical Research Grant from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO, Ref. 1881020 N), fees and honoraria from Biomerieux, Grifols, Menarini, MSD, Pfizer, Roche Diagnostics, and Viatris (paid to institution). Dr Derde discloses ECRAID-Base (HORIZON-Health (2021–2026) Grant agreement ID: 965313, ZonMw grant Immune Modulation Platform for Influenza Treatment (IMPRINT) project no. 10140252210024 (paid to institution), Dr Derde discloses participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board of UMCU internal DSMB, EMPRESS DSMB, BALANCE DSMB (unpaid); Dr Derde hold positions of Research Prioritisation Working Group—WHO Global O2ptimization of respiratory support collaboration, CoVice chair (ESICM) SSC adult guidelines 2025, SSC Steering Committee, Taskforce Infectious Threats—NVIC, Dr Derde discloses receipt of drugs for from several providers for use in the REMAP-CAP trial (no personal relationships); ZonMw grant Immune Modulation Platform for Influenza Treatment (IMPRINT) project no. 10140252210024. Dr Dzierba discloses grants or contracts from NHLBI: PREcision VENTilation to attenuate Ventilation-Induced Lung Injury (PREVENT VILI), project number: UH3HL16678 (Grant awarded to institution), NHLBI: Respiratory Drive in Acute Respiratory Failure, project number: R01HL168102 (Grant awarded to institution) Calcimedica: Auxora for the Treatment of AKI and Modulation of Injurious “Crosstalk” with the Lung: A Randomized Control Trial (KOURAGE) (funding to institution), Sedona Medical: INhaled Sedation vs Propofol in REspiratory failure in the ICU-2 (INSPiRE-2) (Funding to institution), Dr Dzierba discloses payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events for Pulmonary Hypertension for the Non-Pulmonary Hypertension Specialist, 7th Annual Rutgers Critical Care Symposium, Dr Dzierba holds the position of Secretary, Society of Critical Care Medicine (unpaid). Dr Fujii discloses grants or contracts from Terumo Life Science Foundation, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, consulting fees from Wolters Kluwers Health, fees and honoraria from Japan Council for Quality Health Care, is on Scientific Advisory Board for ISICEM, Editorial Board of Critical Care, Editorial Board of Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain, Editorial Board of Annals of Intensive Care Medicine. Dr Galarza discloses honoraria for lectures from Becton Dickinson. Dr Hamzoui is a member of scientific Board of Viatris and discloses consulting fees from Viatris, received honoraria for lectures from AOP Healthcare, Dr Hamzoui is the Chair of the scientific committee of IWIN, French representative in the ESICM Council, Past chair of the congress committee of the French society of intensive care. Dr Nadkarni discloses grants or contracts from Society of Critical Care Medicine (Council Member, Past-President, non-profit, Participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board of NIH Data Safety Monitoring Board (PediPART), is a Volunteer Board Member of Citizen CPR Foundation, Society for Simulation in Healthcare, International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Dr Perez-Fernandez holds the position of President-Elect, World Federation of Intensive and Critical Care. Dr Perez-Fernandez discloses support for attending meetings and/or travel from Society of Critical Care Medicine, World Federation of Intensive and Critical Care. Dr Ray is ex-Vice-Chancellor of Indian College of Critical Care Medicine (unpaid). Dr Rodriguez-Vega is a council Member, SCCM. Dr Vincent organizes ISICEM and other meetings. Chiara Robba is a Deputy Editor for Intensive Care Medicine. She has not taken part in the review or selection process of this article. No other disclosures were reported.

: Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies were not used in the manuscript preparation process.