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Authors
Dong, Zhiqi
Yang, Weibin
Xu, Mingyuan
Wang, Pengwei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (61301253)
Key R&D Program of Shandong Province, China (No. 2022CXGC010504)
Qingdao Science and Technology Benefiting the People Demonstration Project (24-1-8-cspz-20-nsh)
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Article History
Received: 26 February 2025
Revised: 7 July 2025
Accepted: 23 August 2025
First Online: 6 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
: This study did not involve human or animal subjects, and therefore, no ethics approval or consent to participate was required. The study was conducted using publicly available data and adhered to all relevant ethical guidelines for research.
: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos), and therefore, consent for publication is not required.
