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Authors
Maples, Bethanie
Cerit, Merve
Vishwanath, Aditya
Pea, Roy
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Stanford University
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Article History
Received: 18 April 2025
Accepted: 10 November 2025
First Online: 28 November 2025
Declarations
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: The first author founded and works at Atypical AI Corp, an educational assessment company. There is no financial connection between this research and the company. The company was founded after this study’s design and data collection.
