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Article History

Received: 21 April 2025

Accepted: 17 January 2026

First Online: 15 February 2026

Declarations 

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: The authors declare no competing interests.This research process was carried out within the scope of the international project titled “Malicious Actors Profiling and Detection in Online Social Networks through Artificial Intelligence (MARTINI-222N310)” supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) 1071 under the CHIST-ERA program of the European Union.Language editing for this manuscript was supported by Grammarly Premium , used exclusively for proofreading and grammatical consistency. No generative AI tools were employed in the conceptualization, analysis, or writing of the manuscript. All final editorial decisions and linguistic revisions were made manually by the author.