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Article History

Received: 13 November 2025

Accepted: 11 February 2026

First Online: 6 April 2026

Declarations

:

: John Buckley is a former Head of Child Safety at Google, a company involved in the development and commercial deployment of generative AI tools. His authorship of this paper is in a personal capacity and is not intended to reflect the views or process of Google in any way. Dr. Rebecca Portnoff is employed by Thorn, a child safety nonprofit that collaborates with and provides services to several technology companies, some of which are involved in the development or deployment of generative AI tools. Her contribution to this paper is made in a personal capacity and does not necessarily reflect the views or positions of Thorn or its partners. The authors otherwise declare no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

: During the preparation of this work the authors used ChatGPT (versions 4 and 5) and NotebookLM in order to help synthesize literature, simplify arguments and concepts, refine writing, brainstorm, and challenge conclusions. After using these tools, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.