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Article History

Received: 22 September 2025

Accepted: 20 March 2026

First Online: 11 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of An-Najah National University in March 2025. The approval covered all aspects of the research, including participant recruitment, data collection, and data analysis. All procedures adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki to ensure the safety, confidentiality, and rights of the participants throughout the study.

: Since this article involves data collection through semi-structured interviews and an online questionnaire, informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement. Participants were provided with clear information about the study’s purpose and their role, ensuring that their participation was voluntary and based on informed decision-making. No sensitive or personally identifiable information was collected.

: This study utilized large language models (LLMs) to assist with translation, language editing, and referencing, ensuring clarity, coherence, and proper citation formatting for an Arabic-speaking sample.