Zhang, Shanshan
Li, Houmin
Huang, Yicang
Article History
Received: 18 March 2020
Revised: 7 July 2020
Accepted: 9 July 2020
First Online: 25 July 2020
Compliance with ethical standards
:
: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
: The topology optimization model described in Section InternalRef removed is implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5 with Structure Mechanics Module, Optimization Module, and PDE Modules. The details, such as material properties, loads, boundary conditions, constraints, and objectives, for the validation case and bridge design cases have been defined in Section InternalRef removed. The numerical model of this paper can be obtained from the corresponding author with a reasonable request.