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Authors
Long, Fu Xing https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4550-5777
van Stein, Niki
Frenzel, Moritz
Krause, Peter
Gitterle, Markus
Bäck, Thomas
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Article History
Received: 27 May 2024
Revised: 14 February 2025
Accepted: 3 March 2025
First Online: 18 April 2025
Conflict of interest
: The authors declare that they have no Conflict of interest.
: The implementation of the optimization approach is described in detail in Sect. and the associated Python code can be obtained from the corresponding author on reasonable request. The automotive crash problems and FE submodel investigated in this work were developed internally by BMW AG, and thus are subject to strict confidentiality. While different outcomes are expected for other optimization problems, a comparable trend should be attainable.
